Goal formulation statement Essay

Objectives are created from the SWOT examination. This is certainly not an unrealistic reasoning. Objectives depict goals that are explicit as for extent and time. An objective is a practical, quantifiable, time-dated objective of achievement later on. Why objective detailing so significant thing for key arranging? Key arranging is a procedure that decides the fate of association. Objective detailing decides asset distribution required. Having a demonstrated procedure for vital arranging and objective plan puts forth the attempt increasingly proficient. This guarantees a key arrangement will give a casing that will shape a company’s future. Objectives definition changes over the company’s crucial, vital vision to explicit execution targets, something the company’s progress can be resolved. All objectives must be expressed in quantifiable or quantifiable terms, contain a cutoff time for accomplishment. Let’s consider an objective definition process as far as portable eatery business with food to-go, which is well known in the United States yet not introduced here in Kazakhstan. Overall emergency gave a route to this particular business where not just experts †boss cooks that has been terminated or lost their business due to being unrewarding †even basic ex-office assistant who lost employment during downturn can run it. Prepares plan and sell food directly on the road where truck left. The principle objective of each business is to create benefit. In any case, the objectives of each business change, contingent upon the kind of industry they are in, the requests of the market, the current state of the market. To be specific When defining business objectives, business visionary should remember that particularity is extremely imperative to picture precisely how the final product would be. For example:† Generate deals of $ 500 000 in the wake of running my versatile café element for year† is increasingly explicit objective, than straightforward â€Å"I need to be rich†. At that point, one progressively explicit objective is how much â€Å"branches† with me †â€Å"trucks†, I wish to have following a particular number of years, the specific number of workers following a year, the specific number of clients I consistently have every day. To be quantifiable This part of objective plan is tied up with explicitness. I have to have a unit of estimation to decide that I am so near my objectives. For instance, during estimating monetary status, I have to quantify deals, costs every day. To be Attainable A decent methodology is to partition a colossal objective into littler goals to assist business visionary with accomplishing through littler advances. Defining sensible objectives, in view of individual ability, the current workforce and the assets accessible in the organization. To be Realistic To realize how to fix objectives, I need to check current abilities and assets first, check how well the business is getting along and do an exhaustive assessment before defining business objectives. For instance, I can check what number of clients I have, what number of absolute deals produce every day, at that point make objective plan on the everyday schedule. I must be cautious about the current circumstance available, just as the interest for specific item administration. Something else is to make promoting plan, which helps make objectives increasingly practical. To be â€Å"Time-bound† Business goes on as long as I have enough assets and labor to support it. This is a perfect showcasing to set objectives on a day by day, month to month, quarterly and yearly premise. I guess defining colossal objectives in a short time frame can prompt incredible and out of reach results, despite everything defining little objectives over a significant stretch of time can prompt postponement and wastage. Set errand and utilize enough an ideal opportunity for achievement for business to develop. Marketable strategy remembers objectives detailing for its initial segment. This is extremely significant for specialist, particularly on the off chance that he looks for a financial specialist. It’s amazingly noteworthy to take a gander at objectives of the business over in any event one entire year. Business visionary ought to do a month to month survey of business to distinguish which objectives have been cultivated. After year, review and alter everything. A business will proceed to advance as long as there are accessible objectives and goals. Regardless of whether business progressing nicely, defining new objectives and working with the patterns must occur.

Project report on construction

Venture report on development Part ONE Presentation 1.0 BACKGROUND INFORMATION The exhibition of the development business affects the financial, framework, rural and mechanical advancement of a nation (R. Chudley, 1995). Development is progressively getting exceptionally specialized and refined with exclusive requirement of value and particular. These combined with customers interest for esteem for-cash requires the effective work of hardware which can generally improve profitability in the development business. The general point of each development is to create a structure that can give the necessary capacities at the most sensible expense, inside a given time span and at the necessary degree of value. Automation is one of the ways by which these could be accomplished. The quick creating development industry presently vigorously relies upon gear to accomplish the levels of popularity of value venture conveyance. Hardware infers the apparatus, instruments (other than craftsmens individual devices) utilized in the contractual workers yard, workshop or site. For the most part, gear are acquainted with agreements to expand the pace of yield, decrease by and large structure cost, accomplish high yield measures frequently required by present day plans and determinations, wipe out substantial manual work in this way diminishing exhaustion and do exercises which is impossible physically or do them all the more monetarily ( R. Chudley, 1995). The acquaintance of gear with an agreement doesn't anyway fundamentally bring about financial reserve funds except if the provisional labor is sorted out to the point that machines are completely used or work for ceaseless periods at full limit that is about 85% of its on location time, their utilization won't be conservative. To be financial, hardware must be completely used and not left standing inactive since gear, regardless of whether employed or claimed, should be paid for regardless of whether it is non-beneficial (R. Chudley, 1995). Substantial gear will be required for removal, haulage, lifting and transportation of materials and individuals during the development of an undertaking so as to meet all the customers determinations. Temporary workers remain to pick up from the utilization of gear as expanded yield per representative, expanded efficiency from hardware prompting in general benefits. Tragically, execution of development firms in the business has been influenced by a few limitations with absence of access to back seemingly the most incredulous of these imperatives. At any rate, it keeps temporary workers from acquiring every essential asset for their development works including gear (Eyiah An and Cook P, 2003). It is against this foundation that this examination has been directed to discover the gear obtaining techniques being utilized by Ghanaian temporary workers just as the issues the contractual workers experience when getting hardware for their development. 1.1 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM The profoundly specialized and normalized nature of current development plans and levels of popularity regarding quality combined with regularly short agreement terms irrefutably requests the utilization of gear. They assume an inexorably significant job in working just as structural building activities and both time and a great deal of cash can be spared by gaining and utilizing them. Substantial hardware are required for removal, haulage, lifting and transportation of materials and individuals during the development of a task in this manner playing out an activity quicker, more monetarily, securely and with a superior quality and finish. Despite such incredible attainable advantages, it requires generous money to get hardware, set up plant the executives divisions and even utilize the gear. It frequently requires enormous bank ensures, insurances, high financing costs on bank advances, now and again lumbering bureaucratic methods to procure assets to buy plant or gear. This is likely why most Ghanaian temporary workers despite everything rely vigorously upon physical work to execute their ventures. On enormous and complex undertakings of long terms, it might be down to earth to buy plant or hardware for a particular activity and exchange toward the finish of the agreement. The issue here is that changes in costs on our present market may make it hard to gauge costs with conviction. Hardware holding firms regularly don't offer ideal and appealing conditions for the obtaining of gear to urge contractual workers to utilize hardware on the activities. Not many of the contractual workers can meet the necessary conditions before securing most required hardware. Once more, gear holding firms are normally found in the urban territories of our nation which are quite often far away from the greater part of the building locales justifying high haulage costs from the plant warehouse. Buying a plant or hardware could likewise tell significantly on the accounts of the firm as an enormous total of cash might be secured up buying the plant which at that point must be worked at a decent usage level to recover speculations made into it. At long last, buying gear is sound venture if there is sufficient work ahead to keep it completely utilized. A few evaluations propose the hardware must be working normally for three to five years to recuperate the capital expense. Anyway the circumstance in Ghana is that of numerous contractual workers going after not very many ventures. Development firms can't be guaranteed of customary activities to completely use their interest in hardware accordingly they rather don't put resources into everything or when they do, it is insignificant. All the previously mentioned issues all things considered add to the motivation behind why the majority of the temporary workers can't procure the vital hardware for development works and consequently leaving development in Ghana still exceptionally work concentrated. 1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The primary point of this examination is to research the current hardware securing techniques being used in the Ghanaian development industry just as the issues that the temporary workers experience when obtaining gear with the view to suggesting better and progressively viable practices in the development business. Explicit goals of the examination are to: * Find out existing gear securing alternatives utilized by the Ghanaian contractual worker. * Identify issues looked by the Ghanaian temporary worker in getting gear for development works. * Examine existing game plans (assuming any) made between gear recruit and assembling organizations and the development organizations. * Recommending better securing alternatives just as answers for a portion of the serious issues the contractual workers face when they attempt to procure gear. 1.3 SCOPE OF WORK Various firms inside the D1 and D2 of contractual workers by the Ministry of Water, Works and Housing and the Ministry of Roads and Transport in the Kumasi Metropolis will be recognized, chosen and contemplated. The hardware things that will be secured under the investigation will incorporate general types of gear, earth moving, lifting, shipping and removal types of gear. Part TWO Writing REVIEW 2.1 INTRODUCTION: CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT Hardware assumes an undeniably significant job in working just as structural designing activities, and both time and cash can be spared by the effective utilization of mechanical guides. Gear suggests the apparatus, instruments (other than craftsmens individual devices) and other hardware utilized in the temporary workers yard, workshop or site. These may go from little hand held force devices to bigger and progressively costly gear, for example, mechanical excavators and cranes. The point of any development movement or venture is to create a structure of the correct quality and standard at an ideal expense inside a satisfactory time span. The utilization of hardware for development becomes fundamental where utilizing physical work won't help accomplish the activities destinations. For the most part, hardware are acquainted with contracts for one of the accompanying reasons: * Increased creation. * Reduction in general development costs. * Carry out exercises which can't be completed by the conventional manual strategies with regards to financial aspects. * Eliminate overwhelming manual work in this manner decreasing weakness and as an outcome expanding efficiency. * Replacing work where there is a deficiency of staff with the essential aptitudes. * Maintain the exclusive expectations required especially with regards to basic building works (R. Chudley, 1997). 2.1.2 SOME COMMON CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT USED DURING CONSTRUCTION. Introduced here is a short portrayal of a portion of the significant development hardware that might be utilized during the development of a structure venture. 2.1.2.1 EARTH MOVING MACHINES The gear depicted here incorporate the pieces of machinery, graders, scrappers and so on that are utilized to move enormous volumes of unearthed materials during development. Piece of machinery The essential earth-moving machine is the hard core tractor, which when fitted with tracks to hold the ground and with a huge portable sharp edge appended in front, is known as a piece of machinery. The piece of machinery as appeared in fig 2.1 underneath might be utilized to clear brush, little trees, flotsam and jetsam, evacuate rocks, and level ground. They may even be utilized as towing tractor or a pusher to a scrapper. They comprise basically of a track or wheel mounted force unit with a shape sharp edge at the front. Numerous pieces of machinery have the ability to change the shape cutting edge to frame an angledozer which can tilt the form sharp edge about a focal turn point. They become even extremely helpful particularly in structural designing activities, which regularly require the moving of a huge number of cubic meters of earth. These pieces of machinery are anyway not fitting for conclusive leveling and can't be utilized for stacking in this manner requiring other gear to stack. TRACTOR SHOVEL These are once in a while called loaders or loader scoops and essential capacity is to gather up free materials in the front mounted container, lift the basin and store the material into a chaperon transport vehicle. Tractor scoops are driven towards the heap of free material with the brought down basin. The speed and the po

CORRECTIONAL PSYCHOLOGY Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Remedial PSYCHOLOGY - Research Paper Example Legal hospitalization midpoints $500 every day while a jail’s lodging cost is just $50.00. Buelle (2003) remarks that â€Å"shifts in open arrangement in regards to open security, de-organization of emotional well-being populaces and complexities in getting to subsidizing for psychological wellness treatment all have added to this problem† (p. 141). Sabbatine (2007) include that prison is the main organization that acknowledges everybody lawfully introduced for authority not at all like some psychological wellness foundations which have affirmation measures. That is the reason there is a developing populace of intellectually upset guilty parties in restorative offices. Notwithstanding, since these prisoners are mentally sick, they reserve the option to be dealt with while imprisoned. The American Psychiatric Association, the National Commission on Correctional Health Care and the American Correctional Association all concur that these prisoners need to experience screening and analysis so the vital treatment should be possible. Conclusion is resolved from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, fourth Edition (DSM-IV). This framework has a five pivot/level structure. The most critical issue are on the principal pivot and are named Axis I issue, which incorporate schizophrenia, bipolar clutters and significant gloom, among others. Intellectually sick wrongdoers are now and again recognized by these Axis I issue. (Norton, 2005). Treatment would incorporate an assortment of care choices fusing emergency intercession, continuous mental treatment †joined by psychotropic medicine, whenever recommended, and all around prepared psychological well-being staff who experience a progressing preparing program in the treatment and care of the intellectually sick (Maloney, Ward and Jackson, 2003). There are numerous accessible choices for treatment of intellectually upset guilty parties running from straightforward psychotherapy to psychotropic medicine to network based treatment. These will be depicted in detail as follows: Various directing and psychotherapeutic

The Loss of K.’s Sovereignty in The Trial - Literature Essay Samples

The Sixth Amendment in the Bill of Rights ensures that any American citizen accused of a crime has the right to a fair trial; in other words, those who have been accused must be informed of the crimes that they are accused of, and are given the opportunity to prove their innocence. Contrarily, in The Trial by Franz Kafka, the main character Josef K. wakes up one morning arrested under unnamed charges. He spends the entire novel not only attempting to identify the crime he is accused of, but proving that he is guiltless. The fictional society in The Trial is filled with corruption and is similar to a totalitarian government. This fraudulent regime inculcates K. to believe he is guilty, which leads to the loss of his sovereignty and transforms him into another defenseless subject of the system. In Kafkas haunting depiction, the fictional society that K. lives in has a government whose foundation is built upon rumors rather than proof. The system is described as one that â€Å"doesn’t seek out guilt among the general population, but †¦ is attracted by guilt† (Kafka 8-9). Instead of seeking out true criminals, officials arrest those who have been accused of being guilty by other people, without any real evidence. This illogical process of finding culprits in the society is even more flawed after the government detains suspects. After K. is arrested and speaks to the inspector of his case, he still has â€Å"learn[ed] nothing about why he had been arrested and on whose orders† (Kafka 14-15) and is told not to spend his time attempting to prove his innocence. Throughout the story, K. is never informed of why he has been arrested. By the end of the novel he even questions â€Å"Where was the judge he’d never seen? Where was the high court heâ₠¬â„¢d never reached?† (Kafka 231). He was never given the chance to fight for himself or change the course of action in which he was taking place. Left in the dark, K. has no say or power in the result of his case, showing how corrupt the standards of the government are. The government has no limit to its authority, controlling every aspect of his case, and restricting K.’s right to a fair trial. By not informing K. of any information regarding his situation, the government’s regulations and system strongly resembles one of a totalitarian government. As K.’s cluelessness and lack of knowledge about his conviction slowly persuade him that he is guilty, he loses his identity and becomes dominated by the society. Even though he initially believes he is â€Å"not guilty. It’s a mistake. How can any person in general be guilty? We’re all human after all, each and every one of us,† (Kafka 213) he is met with a rebuttal of â€Å"that’s how guilty people always talk† (Kafka 213). Despite no concrete evidence, K. is repeatedly told that he is guilty, and he eventually begins to accept it. He tells himself â€Å"if I’d behaved sensibly, nothing more would have happened, everything else would have been nipped in the bud† (Kafka 23). The corruption of the government, as well as the other subjects who have already been manipulated by the authorities, convince K. that he is guilty. He eventually becomes one in a crowd of people who are under the government’s control. In the first s entence of the novel, Kafka refers to the main character as Josef K. Yet, as Josef’s situation is revealed, Kafka refrains from giving him a full surname, referring to him as K. throughout the rest of the novel. This inhumanely reduces K. to an object, showing how the government’s standards and systematic processes strip him of his individuality. The main character is slowly brainwashed by the government and begins to doubt not only who he is, but his innocence as well. The fictional society that Kafka presents in The Trial is one filled with corruption and bureaucratic standards, strikingly mirroring a totalitarian justice system. Here, the main character’s confusion, along with the Court’s nefarious and unprincipled restriction of his rights, manifests the immorality of the society and its system. The standards which build the foundation of the fictional society affect the main character throughout the novel as he undergoes his unfair trial. Josef K. becomes another subject of the society as â€Å"K.,† and forfeits his autonomy, just as many others have, as he surrenders his fight for innocence. The rights presented to citizens in America by the Constitution, the same rights K. was refused, are there to prevent the government from being like the the fictional society presented in Kafka’s novel.

United States Government Response to Hurricane Katrina...

According to the Business Dictionary, government involvement is considered any â€Å"regulatory action taken by a government in order to affect or interfere with decisions.† Many accuse the United States’ national government of minimal and slow actions taken after the tragedy of Hurricane Katrina, while others share the blame of this response. Local, state, and national government response will be discussed, focusing on the government’s interaction after the strike of Hurricane Katrina. Katrina hit New Orleans, Louisiana on August 29th, 2005, but the failure of the local government started before this day â€Å"by allowing building and growing in areas in low flood lands.† The local government did not regulate these land areas that have always†¦show more content†¦Many argue that because of this change, the slow reaction of FEMA was expected, but considering a terrorist attack could lead to an evacuation, this idea is proven false. The first problem is really that the bureaucracies and government control in the United States have grown, slowing the reaction time of governmental agency aid. Another reason for the sluggish response of FEMA, even though it advertised otherwise, is the over-cautiousness of governmental agencies. Since criticism is more openly given to government agencies for being under cautious than over cautious, it is easy to see why they chose the later. The third influence is the conflict between government officials, and individual choices. Citizens tend to want to help the ones in danger or in need no matter the consequences, while government officials tend to try to secure their re-election by using the money and resources provided to the best of their ability. Before any government agency can begin to provide assistance, the President must declare a natural disaster, which is usually delayed. Even though Hurricane Katrina was the most anticipated disaster yet to hit America, many agencies claimed to be uninformed for up to two days after the incident. The FEMA says that to be effective, they need to know how many need supplies, what supplies are needed, and where they are needed. How canShow MoreRelatedInternational Management67196 Words   |  269 PagesCompanies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning. Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the United States. This book is printed on recycled, acid-free paper containing 10% postconsumer waste. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 QDB/QDB 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN 978-0-07-811257-7 MHID 0-07-811257-5 Vice President Editor-in-Chief: Brent Gordon Vice President, EDP/CentralRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesAccount Manager Training and implementation support www.wileyplus.com/accountmanager MAKE IT YOURS! Fundamentals of Human Resource Management Tenth Edition David A. DeCenzo Coastal Carolina University Conway, SC Stephen P. Robbins San Diego State University San Diego, CA Tenth Edition Contributor Susan L. Verhulst Des Moines Area Community College Ankeny, IA John Wiley Sons, Inc. Associate Publisher Executive Editor Senior Editoral Assistant Marketing Manager Marketing AssistantRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 Pages4.2.2 Individual performance appraisals Chapter 7 Managing Risk Chapter 15 Chapter 16 International Projects Oversight 11.1 Risk management process [F.8] 11.2 Identifying risks 11.3.2.2 Impact matrix 11.4 Risk assessment 11.5 Risk responses (.2–.1.2) 11.6 Risk register 7.1.2.5 PERT analysis 7.1.2.6.3 Contingency reserves 7.3.3.4 Change control management G.7 Culture awareness 1.4.4 Project offices 8.1.2 Continuous improvement 5.1 Requirements vs. actual [5.3] Chapter 17 AgileRead MoreHbr When Your Core Business Is Dying74686 Words   |  299 PagesAnd yet , eve of raw resources import n regions with plenty some form of energy. Saudi Arabia, for examp le, the world’s largest oil exporter, imports ref ined petroleum produc ts like gasoline. So if energy independence is an unrealistic goal, how does everyone get the fuel a world of rising demand they need, especially in , supply disruptions, nat ural disasters, and unstable regimes? True global energy sec urity will be a result of cooperation and engage ment, not isolationism When investment andRead MoreTestbook Answers112756 Words   |  452 Pagespolicy does not matter to the shareholders under ideal conditions. It may be worth noting that a crucial requirement here, following from ideal conditions, is that the investors and the firm both earn interest on financial assets at the same rate. 3. Year 1 At time 0, you know that if the bad economy state is realized, ex post net income for year 1 will be a loss of $23.97. If the good economy state is realized, ex post net income will be $76.03. Since the probability of each state is 0.50

A Comparison of Romantic Love in Shakespeares Sonnets ...

Shakespeares Sonnets Romantic Love in As You Like It Shakespeares comedy As You Like It is clearly a pastoral comedy with a country setting, a theme revolving around love and a story which consists of a series of accidental meetings between characters and a resolution involving transformations of characters and divine intervention. The comedy involves the traditional literary device of moving urban characters into the country where they have to deal with life in a different manner. Whereas the pastoral comedy was usually a vehicle for satire on corrupted urban values, in this play the satire appears to be directed at the convention of Petrarchan love.(Rosenblum, 86) Renaissance conventions of love were strongly†¦show more content†¦For Petrarch, the sonnet sequence consisted of a series of love poems written by an adoring lover to an unattainable lady of unsurpassed beauty and grace. The love in his sonnets was elaborate and artificial. The unattainable love object of Petrarch inspired many English poets. By Shakespeares time, the sonnet sequence and its subject matter, was a well established convention. (Moulton, 561) The English altered the sonnet into three quatrains and a concluding couplet.The Petrarchan convention of love embodied a despairing lover writing to a lovely distant lady in terms ofworshipful adoration and reverent praise. Sir Phillip Sidneys Astrophil and Stella contributed to the Petrarchan sonnets immense popularity in the 1590s. However, an anti-Petrarchan convention appeared in which the woman to whom to the sonnet was addressed was castigated as deceitful and an ugly manipulator. By the time Shakespeare wrote his Sonnets, the sonnet form had developed subject matter that was both faithful adoration of the idealized lover and spiteful contempt for an individual unworthy of love. A final piece of the sonnet convention was the celebration of the poets wit, his ability to express himself in metaphors and clever conceits. The Petrarchan sonnet, therefore, stood as a testament to the poets skill with words and encouraged a representation of love as highly artificial and literar y. (Booth, 116) ShakespeareShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Poetry Of Love1612 Words   |  7 PagesAs you are aware this session will focus on the poetry of William Shakespeare. Shakespeare was a world-renowned poet and playwright. Shakespeare had a romantic heart and his poetry is shaped by love. His poems usually depict the passion and sacredness of relationships. By comparing two poems from William Shakespeare it is shown how he has been able to articulate the poetic theme of love. This seminar will analyze and explore two of Shakespeare’s poems focusing on the particular theme of love. 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Wireless Networks for OSI Communication Model - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theWireless Networks for OSI Communication Model. Answer: The inner workings of the physical layer of the standards IEEE 802.11a and 802.11b The physical layer is the lowest layer of the OSI communication model and it majorly is involved with the transmission of data across devices having different specification and operation parameters. In essence, it supports the transmission of signals across electrical and mechanical systems offering a means to transport the 802.11 frame in this instance(Pearson, 2017). IEEE 802.11a This standard offers a competitive alternative to wired communication where data is transferred across the electromagnetic spectrum. Now, as a wireless technology, the standard is characterized by the OFDM multiplexing technique that increases the bandwidth of transmission. In essence, OFDM (Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) facilitates the diversification of the communication channel by splitting it based on the operational frequency(world, 2017). Nevertheless, its inner workings of the physical layer are as shown below: First, the layer operates with a 54 Mbps data rate that is supported by a 5 GHz frequency band. This operational band is then usually diversified by the OFDM technique which splits the transmission channel (radio spectrum) into 48 different subsections. These sections are then spread across the wider channel width of 20 MHz Now, following this separation, several data rates are offered to the users including; 6, 12 and 24 Mbps. Moreover, due to the variations in operational speeds, the standard applies other extended modulation techniques which supplement the original multiple access method. First, the binary phase shift keying (BPSK) is used for operations that fall within the 6 Mbps data rate. Secondly, quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) is then used for functionalities having 54 Mbps data rates(Geier, 802.11a Physical Layer Revealed, 2003). IEEE 802.11b Another wireless standard that is an advancement of the original 802.11 standards having improved speeds and data rates. The 802.11b standard operates within a 300-meter distance range defining both the physical and MAC layer of communications(Primer, 2013). The inner workings of the physical layer: First, unlike the previous standard, its frequency band falls with the ISM range i.e. the Industrial, Scientific and Medical band. In the US this band falls between the frequencies of 2.4 and 2.4835 GHz, whereas in other countries such as Japan the range falls between 2.471 and 2.497 GHz. Furthermore, the bandwidth of operation is split into 14 subsequent channels of 22 MHz each. These subsequent bands overlap each other facilitating the exchange of information across different devices. In addition to this, the standard is characterized by a chip rate of 11MHz which facilitates the transmission of signals with the following rates; 1, 2, 5.5 and 11 Mbps. Finally, the standard uses the spread spectrum technique to multiplex signals i.e. the DSSS plus an addition of the complementary code key modulation (CCK)(Koivisto, 2006). Attribute 802.11a 802.11b Frequency band 5 GHz 2.4 GHz (ISM) Data rates 6, 12, 24 Mbps 1, 2, 5.5 and 11 Mbps Multiplexing technique OFDM DSSS Modulation technique BPSK and QAM CCK 802.11i authentication In general, the 802.11 standard is a specification for implementing wireless networks (WLANs) that defines both the media access control (MAC) and the physical layer. The original standard operated with a 900 MHz frequency band that extended to cover up to 60 GHz range. Moreover, the 802.11 standards used basic authentication and encryption techniques more so the WPA (WiFi protection access) and the WEP (wired equivalent privacy)(Chaplin, 2005). These standard were both weak and were easily cracked which led to the development of the 802.11i standard that operates with higher security standards including the application of the WPA2, which above its better authentication structure is supported by AES (advanced encryption standard). Nevertheless, during the authentication of devices across networks (clients to servers) a robust and resilient procedure is followed through the application of a four-way handshake. This handshake operates with a group keying systems that involves three elements; the supplicant (client), the authentication server and the general authenticators (i.e. the relaying party)(Latour, 2012). Furthermore, the extensible authentication protocol (EAP) is usually the defining protocol for the 4-way handshake as outlined below (The process): First, the client sends a notification to the server in the of an EAP message. The access port then sends an EAP request to the authenticators in an attempt to relay communications. From here, the clients EAP response from the server is followed by an encryption process of (proxied communication) with both the authenticator and server communications. The server then requests the client to identify itself by verifying its credentials. Now, depending on the clients response, the server either accepts or rejects the connection request. In an accepted scenario, the virtual access port of the server is turned into an authorized state which grants the client access to the server. Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) To understand the usage of VPNs in establishing secure and encrypted connections, one must highlight their operational platform i.e. the internet. In all, the internet is a public infrastructure or environment that is populated with many networks. Now, although these networks maybe protected, users requiring secure connections cannot trust the existing channels of communication. Therefore, VPNs facilitate this functionality by creating private access channels that link different points across the public medium of the internet(MPR). Now, two general methods are followed: Remote access where parties located in remote areas access localized networks (LANs) using specific access portals. Site to site VPNs which are used on a larger scale having specific point to point connections across the internet. In this case, the connections are usually unique at each instance and are supported by specialized accounts. In terms of the techniques of operation, VPN uses a system of keys to authenticate the users accessing the established private networks. These keys can either by systematical where common keys are shared among the users or asymmetrical keys that require specialized authenticators to verify them (public-private keys)(Cisco, 2008). In addition to this, a number of encryption standards facilitate the operations of VPNs including IPsec which holds a wide range of authentication, encryption and integrity standards. Moreover, the GRE (generic routing encapsulation) protocol is also used to meet the same objectives. WMAN and ZeeTech operations To meet its customers ever-growing demands, ZeeTech a multinational company has established five different offices in Melbourne. These offices require a common connection to aid the companys operations and services. Now, as a solution the company envisions a wireless metropolitan area network (WMAN) that could serve all the enterprises offices. This section analyses the different technologies that could meet this objective. WMAN WMAN serve as suitable substitutes for wired broadband connections that require extensive expenses owing to the installation of physical infrastructures such as copper cables and extensive switching cabinets(UOM, 2005). Moreover, in some applications WMANs serve as convenient backups in case the wired systems fail. In this scenario, the following WMAN technologies are proposed: HiperMAN HiperACCESS WiMAX HiperMAN This technology is one of the original standards of implementing WMAN for broadband connections. To start with, HiperMAN operates within the 2 to 11 GHz frequency range which facilitates the transmission of signals under the low frequencies. This frequency band has minimal penetration power which limits the amount of information transferred as well as the distance of operations. On the other hand, the standard also offers a medium sized data rate of 25 Mbit/s which when coupled with its optimal point to multipoint configuration increases the amount of information transmitted. However, to cater for higher rates and information quota, extra resources must be established which increases the overall expenditures. Furthermore, its security features are rudimentary as compared to those of the other two(works, 2017). HiperACCESS An interoperable and integrative standard that offers broadband connections to a wide range of wireless devices. Unlike HiperMAN, this technology supports the operation of mobile devices through the use of backhaul services such as GSM and GPRS. This functionality is welcomed in ZeeTechs operations as they may require the different office to communicate via mobile systems. Furthermore, its connection offers a higher data rate of 100 Mbit/s which increases speeds of communication facilitating better services for the company. In addition to this, HiperACCESS uses a high-frequency band of 40.5 GHz which may be extended to about 43.5 GHz thus facilitate a wider coverage(WMICH, 2015). Now, the cost is minimal when compared to HiperMAN owing to its operational frequencies, however, when low frequencies are considered the technology balances out with its predecessor as additional resources are needed. However, it has better security features which include advanced access control systems. WiMAX The final technology considered for the company at hand that has better features and attributes as compared to the rest. Now, to start with, WiMAX operates within the IEEE 802.16 standard which among other functionalities, enhances the compatibility of wireless devices which boosts the integration wireless devices(IEEE, 2016). Furthermore, the technology offers both first and last mile connections serving at a high-frequency range of 66 GHz. This frequency band extends wireless broadband connections to distances of about 50 kilometres. This distance of operation would conveniently serve ZeeTech who on occasion may require field workers to perform their marketing operations. On the other hand, its data rates are better as compared to those discussed so far as they extend beyond the 100 Mbit/s mark to around 1 Gbit/s. Now, when this rate and frequency range are combined, the technology provides a bigger service area that other WMAN technology that cannot offer. Finally, in terms of the security features, WiMAX offers advanced authentication techniques such as the PKMv2 and over the air encryption which facilitates the maintenance of secure end to end connection. Multiplexing technologies for second generation mobile communication (2G) Time division multiple access (TDMA) In wireless communication, the transmission channel is usually confined within the limits of the radio spectrum. This limitation necessitates the need to diversify and spread the existing area through the multiplexing techniques. TDMA is one such technique that uses time allocations to assign bandwidth to the communicating users. In essence, the technique will divide the frequency of operation (bandwidth) into different sections based on a timing schematic(Fendelman, 2017). This separation process will result into different time slots that the communicating parties are assigned thus facilitating the transmission of multiple signals across common channels. Attributes of TDMA: The technique uses time slots to assign the bandwidth of communication. Its functional data rate varies between 64 kbps and 120 Mbps. Moreover, it can adequately transmit both data and voice. Furthermore, its operations are based on the immediate needs of the users which optimize the battery life as its only activated when needed. Finally, its optimal for analogue to digital signal conversion owing to its minimal cost expenditures(Electronicdesign, 2017). Code division multiple access (CDMA) A similar technique to TDMA that usually aims to maximize the bandwidth of operations through the diversification of the radio spectrum. However, unlike TDMA that allocates space after dividing it into various frequency bands, CDMA assigns signals unique identification codes that facilitate the transmission of multiple signals under single communication channels. In essence, CDMA will not divide the bandwidth of communication and instead will assign signals pseudo-codes which will identify them to the transmitters and receivers(Fendelman, 2017). Therefore, each signal uses the entire bandwidth during transmission which optimizes the process, due to the overwhelming size of the channels capacity. Moreover, the pseudo-codes improves the security of the technique as they are uniquely identified by the users. Attributes CDMA is a spread spectrum technique. Its also convenient for both data and voice transmission. Furthermore, it facilitates a higher transmission capacity. Finally, it has good security features owing to the application of pseudo-codes(Segan, 2017). Global system for mobile communications (GSM) An open digital and cellular technology that is used for wireless transmission of information through mobile devices. GSM supports both voice and data communication through a circuit switched technique. In essence, GSM uses a circuit switching to establish the network of communication before embarking on the transmission process. In addition to this, GSM also divides the overall channel of communication into smaller convenient sizes which facilitate the multiplexing process(Segan, 2017). In all, a 200 kHz bandwidth is divided among 8 different channels which result into communications slots of 25 kHz. Attributes Similar to the other two, its operations support both data and voice transmission. It also has a wider frequency band. Finally, its characterized as a circuit switched technology(Rouse, 2017). References Chaplin, C. (2005). 802.11i Overview. Retrieved 02 October, 2017, from: https://ieee802.org/16/liaison/docs/80211-05_0123r1.pdf. Electronicdesign. (2017). Fundamentals of Communications Access Technologies: FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, OFDMA, AND SDMA. Communications, Retrieved 02 October, 2017, from: https://www.electronicdesign.com/communications/fundamentals-communications-access-technologies-fdma-tdma-cdma-ofdma-and-sdma. Fendelman, A. (2017). Cellphone Glossary: What Is GSM vs. EDGE vs. CDMA vs. TDMA? Life wire, Retrieved 02 October, 2017, from: https://www.lifewire.com/gsm-edge-cdma-tdma-578682. MPR. (n.d.). Virtual Private Networks. VPN2, Retrieved 02 October, 2017, from: https://web.fe.up.pt/~mricardo/05_06/redesip/acetatos/vpnv2.pdf. Pearson. (2017). IEEE 802.11 Physical Layers. Pearson, Retrieved 02 October, 2017, from: https://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=19825seqNum=3. Primer. (2013). Wi-Fi: Overview of the 802.11 Physical Layer and Transmitter Measurements. Retrieved 02 October, 2017, from: https://www.nortelcoelectronics.se/document-file5116?lcid=1053pid=Native-ContentFile-File. Rouse, M. (2017). GSM (Global System for Mobile communication). Retrieved 02 October, 2017, from: https://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/GSM. Segan, S. (2017). CDMA vs. GSM: What's the Difference? PC reviews , Retrieved 02 October, 2017, from: https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2407896,00.asp. world, R. w. (2017). Overview of 802.11a physical layer. Home of RF and Wireless Vendors and Resources, Retrieved 02 October, 2017, from: https://www.rfwireless-world.com/Articles/Overview_of_11a_PHY_layer.html.